Kriminalmodell

Kriminalmodell is a German-language term used to denote a theoretical framework for understanding crime. It refers to a structured representation of the factors and processes that contribute to criminal behavior or to crime as a social phenomenon. Kriminalmodelle are used in criminology, sociology, psychology, and criminal justice to explain patterns, identify risk factors, and guide prevention and policy.

There are descriptive models that aim to explain why crimes occur, and prescriptive models that seek to reduce crime through interventions. Common elements include individual factors (biological, psychological, developmental), situational factors (opportunity, routine activities), and sociostructural factors (poverty, inequality, community cohesion). Influential strands include rational-choice or deterrence perspectives, routine activity theory, strain and social-learning theories, and control theory. In practice, a Kriminalmodell may combine multiple factors into a holistic framework to analyse specific crimes or populations.

Methodologically, Kriminalmodelle rely on data from crime statistics, victimization surveys, epidemiological studies, and experiments or simulations to test hypotheses and calibrate interventions. They inform policing strategies, risk-assessment tools, and prevention programs, while also shaping legal and policy debates about policing, sentencing, and social programs.

Critics note that models can oversimplify complex human behavior, risk bias if data are incomplete, and may embed cultural or political assumptions. Effective use requires transparent assumptions, ongoing validation, and adaptation to local context.

See also: criminology, crime prevention, policing, risk assessment.