Kovno

Kovno, known in Lithuanian as Kaunas and historically as Kovne in Yiddish and other languages, is the second-largest city in Lithuania. Situated at the confluence of the Neris and Nemunas rivers, it has historically served as a major economic, cultural, and educational center for the country.

Founded in the 14th century, Kovno became an important regional hub during the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the subsequent Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the 19th century, it developed significantly as part of the Russian Empire, especially after the construction of the Moscow-Warsaw railway, which increased its strategic importance. The city is notable for its blend of architectural styles, ranging from medieval castle remnants to modernist buildings.

During the interwar period, Kovno served as the temporary capital of Lithuania from 1919 to 1940, following the country's declaration of independence in 1918. The city housed key government institutions and was an intellectual center, with universities and cultural institutions flourishing.

Kovno has a complex history related to its Jewish community, which was substantial before World War II. The Jewish population endured tragic events during the Holocaust, with many victims deported or murdered by Nazi forces.

Today, Kovno is a vibrant city known for its rich history, university presence, and cultural life. It remains an important industrial, commercial, and transportation hub, contributing significantly to Lithuania’s national development. The city's historical sites, including the Old Town and the remnants of Kovno Fortress, attract visitors interested in Lithuanian heritage and history.