Kokonaisma
Kokonaisma is a term used in Finnish-language scholarship to denote a holistic, system-oriented approach to knowledge, design, and policy. The word blends kokonais- meaning “whole” with a nominal suffix that marks abstract concepts, signaling a theoretical stance rather than a specific technique. The concept centers on the idea that understanding arises from considering wholes and the interactions among their parts, rather than from analyzing components in isolation.
As a framework, kokonaisma foregrounds interdependence, context, and emergent properties. Advocates argue for integrating methods across
Applications of kokonaisma include education design, urban and environmental planning, organizational development, and cultural production, where
Historically, kokonaisma emerged in Finnish scholarly and policy debates in the early 21st century, gaining traction