Kogges

The cog, also known as a cogge or kogge, was a type of sailing ship that developed in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. It emerged in the 12th century and was widely used by traders and pirates, particularly in the Hanseatic League. The cog was a sturdy, single-masted vessel with a broad beam, flat bottom, and high freeboard, making it well-suited for navigating the often rough waters of northern Europe.

A key characteristic of the cog was its clinker-built hull, where the planks overlapped. This construction method provided significant strength and stability. They typically featured a single, large square sail, which allowed for efficient sailing with a following wind. The helm was a large, vertical rudder attached to the sternpost, a significant development from earlier steering methods.

Cogs were primarily cargo vessels, capable of carrying substantial loads of goods such as grain, timber, and salt. Their size and sturdiness also made them effective warships, though they were not primarily designed for combat. The cog's design was influential and evolved over time, eventually giving way to newer ship types like the carrack and hulk. Its legacy is significant in maritime history for its role in medieval trade and naval development.