Kodakondsusega

Kodakondsusega is the state of holding citizenship of a country. Citizenship, or nationality, is a legal bond between an individual and a state that grants rights and protections while imposing duties. The term appears in Estonian legal language to denote the condition of being a citizen, as distinct from statelessness or permanent residency.

Acquisition: Citizenship can be obtained by birth within a country (jus soli) or by descent from citizens (jus sanguinis), depending on the jurisdiction. Naturalization is another common route, typically requiring residence, language proficiency, and integration. Some states grant citizenship through marriage or specialized programs.

Loss and renunciation: Citizenship may be renounced or deprived, for example after acquiring another citizenship, fraud in the naturalization process, or certain criminal convictions. Dual or multiple citizenship policies vary widely; some countries permit it freely, others limit or prohibit it.

Rights and duties: Citizens generally enjoy political rights, passport access, and state protection, while owing legal obedience, taxes, and, in some places, military or civic service obligations. The balance of rights and duties reflects national policy and historical development.

Statelessness and international law: Statelessness occurs when a person has no citizenship. International instruments, including the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, aim to reduce statelessness and secure basic rights for those affected.