Kloriide

Kloriide, also known as chlorides, are chemical compounds that contain chlorine in the form of chloride ions (Cl−) or covalently bonded chlorine. They include inorganic chlorides, where chlorine is present as Cl− paired with a metal or hydrogen, and organic chlorides, where chlorine is bonded to carbon or other elements.

Inorganic chlorides are typically ionic solids or highly soluble salts. Common examples include sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and calcium chloride (CaCl2). They often form crystalline solids at room temperature, are readily soluble in water, and conduct electricity when melted or dissolved. Halides of many metals, such as ferric chloride (FeCl3) and copper(II) chloride (CuCl2), are widely used as catalysts, reagents, or etchants in various industrial processes.

Organic chlorides contain chlorine covalently bonded to carbon. Examples range from chloromethane (CH3Cl) to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and vinyl chloride (CH2CHCl). They serve as solvents, refrigerants, polymer precursors (for example, vinyl chloride for PVC), and intermediates in chemical synthesis. Some organic chlorides are toxic or persistent environmental pollutants, necessitating careful handling and regulation.

Production methods vary. Inorganic chlorides can be produced by reacting acids or bases with metals or oxides, or by direct synthesis from elements in some cases. Industrially important routes include the electrolysis of brine to produce chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide, with sodium chloride formed or used as a feedstock.

Chlorides occur naturally in seawater and mineral deposits (halite is the main rock salt). They play a central role in food, industry, and environmental chemistry, with safety, handling, and environmental impact dependent on the specific compound and context.