Kirurgilised

Kirurgilised refers to the medical field and procedures involved in surgery. It encompasses preoperative evaluation, operative techniques, and postoperative care. The term is used across languages to denote surgical interventions, ranging from minor procedures to major operations. In clinical practice, surgical care is distinguished from non-surgical treatments and from diagnostic or palliative approaches.

Surgical disciplines cover many specialties, such as general surgery, orthopedic, cardiovascular, neurosurgery, plastic and reconstructive surgery, and minimally invasive approaches. Procedures can be elective or emergent; can be open or minimally invasive (laparoscopic, endoscopic, robotic-assisted). Diagnostic surgical procedures like biopsy are included.

History notes: modern surgery developed with antisepsis, anesthesia, imaging, and sterile technique. Postoperative care and anesthesia safety have improved outcomes. Training involves medical school, residency, and subspecialty fellowship; certification and ongoing accreditation ensure standards. Ethical considerations include informed consent, patient autonomy, and risk management.

Current trends: minimally invasive and robotic techniques, image-guided interventions, and enhanced recovery programs. Data-driven outcomes, quality control, and patient safety remain central. Challenges include complications, infection, scarring, and access to specialized care worldwide.