Kiirgusdoose

Kiirgusdoose is a measure of the amount of ionizing radiation energy deposited in matter, typically living tissue, per unit mass. In radiological protection and health physics, dose concepts distinguish absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose. The standard SI unit for absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), defined as one joule of energy deposited per kilogram.

Absorbed dose, denoted D, refers to the energy imparted to a specific tissue or material divided by its mass. Mathematically, D = E/m, where E is the energy deposited and m is the mass. One gray equals one joule per kilogram. Absorbed dose quantifies the physical energy transfer but does not account for differences in biological effect among radiation types or tissue sensitivities.

Equivalent dose incorporates the biological effectiveness of different radiation types. It is calculated as H_T = D_T × w_R, where w_R is the radiation weighting factor for the radiation type and T denotes tissue. The unit is the sievert (Sv). Effective dose further sums the tissue-specific equivalent doses across all tissues, using tissue-weighting factors to reflect varying radiosensitivities: E = ∑ w_T × H_T. These dose quantities are used in risk assessment, safety standards, and medical decision-making.

Measurement and limits: kiirgusdoose is estimated through direct measurements with dosimeters worn by workers, as well as indirect assessment from environmental monitoring and medical records. Dose values carry uncertainties depending on the method and context. Safety guidelines set limits that vary by jurisdiction; commonly, general public exposure is limited to about 1 mSv per year, while occupational exposure is around 20 mSv per year on average (with higher limits in some years or scenarios).