Kerosenes

Kerosenes are a family of liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived from petroleum. They belong to the kerosene distillation range, typically consisting of C10 to C16 aliphatic hydrocarbons with some cycloalkanes and aromatics. Kerosene is usually light in color and has a relatively low viscosity, a relatively high flash point for a hydrocarbon liquid, and a boiling range that covers roughly 150 to 275°C depending on composition and refinement.

Production and properties: Kerosenes are produced by fractional distillation of crude oil, followed by purification to reduce sulfur and impurities for specific uses. The exact blend varies by refinery feedstock and target specification. Modern aviation fuels, such as Jet A and Jet A-1, are kerosene-based and formulated for stability, low temperature performance, and clean combustion; lamp kerosene and stove kerosene are treated for consumer use and may have different aroma and sulfur content.

Types and uses: Historically, kerosene served as lamp fuel and for domestic heating and cooking. Today, its most prominent uses are aviation fuels (Jet A and Jet A-1) and various consumer- grade kerosene products for heating and lighting in regions where electricity or natural gas is unavailable or impractical. In some sectors, kerosene derivatives have also been used as rocket propellants (refined kerosene grades such as RP-1), though this is separate from civil aviation fuels.

Safety and regulation: Kerosene is highly flammable and should be stored in appropriate containers away from heat and ignition sources. Vapors can be hazardous if inhaled, and improper use can cause eye or skin irritation. Standards and regulations govern composition, sulfur content, and performance for specific applications (such as aviation fuels) to ensure safety and compatibility with engines and safety systems.