Kernfysische

Kernfysische, or nuclear physics, is the branch of physics that studies the properties, structure, and reactions of atomic nuclei. It investigates how protons and neutrons form nuclei, the forces that bind them, and the outcomes of nuclear processes such as decays and reactions.

The field combines experimental and theoretical work. Experimental methods include nuclear spectroscopy, scattering experiments with accelerated particles, and measurements of radioactive decay and reaction cross sections. Theoretical approaches develop models of nuclear structure, such as the shell model and mean-field theories, and describe nuclear reactions using quantum many-body techniques and reaction theory.

Historically, kernfysische emerged in the early 20th century with discoveries related to radioactivity and the nucleus, reinforced by Rutherford’s scattering experiments and Chadwick’s identification of the neutron. The discovery of nuclear fission in 1938 led to rapid advancements in energy production and weapon development, shaping scientific and political landscapes for decades.

Key concepts include binding energy, half-life, decay modes (alpha, beta, gamma), nuclear reactions, cross sections, isotopes, and nucleosynthesis in stars. Subfields encompass nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, and nuclear astrophysics, each addressing different aspects of how nuclei are arranged, how they interact, and how they contribute to cosmic processes.

Applications span energy generation in nuclear reactors, medical uses such as radiopharmaceuticals and radiation therapy, industrial radiography, and security-related technologies. The field also emphasizes safety, radiation protection, and regulatory considerations to manage proliferation risks and environmental impact.

Kernfysische differs from high-energy particle physics by focusing on atomic nuclei and emergent phenomena at relatively low energies, often involving large accelerator facilities and specialized detectors.