Keratoplastyka

Keratoplastyka, also known as corneal transplantation or corneal grafting, is a surgical procedure that replaces a damaged or diseased cornea with healthy donor corneal tissue. The cornea is the transparent outer layer at the front of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. It plays a crucial role in focusing light and providing clear vision.

The decision to perform keratoplastyka is usually made when vision is significantly impaired due to corneal conditions such as scarring, edema, dystrophies, or infections that cannot be effectively treated with other methods. The procedure aims to restore or improve vision, reduce pain, and repair a perforated or severely damaged cornea.

There are several types of keratoplastyka, categorized by the depth of the corneal layers being replaced. Penetrating keratoplastyka (PKP) involves replacing the full thickness of the diseased cornea. Lamellar keratoplastyka, on the other hand, replaces only a portion of the corneal layers. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplastyka (DALK) replaces the anterior layers while leaving the innermost endothelium intact, andDescemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplastyka (DSAEK) and Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplastyka (DMEK) replace only the diseased endothelium.

The donor cornea is obtained from a deceased donor and must be carefully matched to the recipient based on factors like tissue type and size. The surgery is typically performed under local or general anesthesia. After the procedure, patients require a period of recovery, including the use of eye drops to prevent rejection and infection, and regular follow-up appointments. While keratoplastyka is generally successful, potential complications include rejection of the donor tissue, infection, and visual disturbances.