Kateterisering

Kateterisering, or catheterization, is the insertion of a catheter into a body passage to drain urine or administer fluids and medications. In urology and medicine, urinary catheterization is the most common form and may be temporary or long-term. The goal is to achieve bladder emptying, measure urine output, or provide urinary drainage in settings such as surgery, critical illness, or spinal cord injury.

Common types include indwelling urinary catheters (Foley or three-way catheters) designed to stay in place with a retention balloon; intermittent catheters used for self- or caregiver-assisted emptying; and suprapubic catheters inserted through the abdominal wall. External or condom catheters are alternatives for men with incontinence but without obstruction. Catheter materials include latex, silicone, and polyurethane; size is given in French scales.

Procedure and care: insertion requires sterile technique and, when possible, local anesthesia. The procedure is performed by trained clinicians or patients in the case of clean intermittent self-catheterization. After insertion, a closed drainage system directs urine to a collection bag. Proper securing, routine cleaning at the meatus, and timely drainage bag maintenance reduce risks.

Risks include urinary tract infection (especially with indwelling catheters), urethral trauma, hematuria, bladder spasms, encrustation and obstruction, and rare allergic reactions to catheter materials. Long-term catheterization increases the risk of infection and stone formation. Preventive measures include aseptic technique, closed drainage, appropriate catheter size, and periodic reassessment of catheter necessity.

Alternatives and considerations: external collection devices, bladder training, and intermittent self-catheterization for suitable patients. Care plans emphasize patient education, regular reassessment of the need for catheterization, and attention to hygiene and skin care to prevent complications.