Karneval

Karneval is a festive season observed in many parts of Europe, most prominently in German-speaking regions. It is marked by public parades, street celebrations, elaborate costumes, music, dancing, and satirical performances. The season traditionally culminates in the days before Lent, with major events occurring in the weeks leading up to Ash Wednesday and a peak on Rose Monday (Rosenmontag) in several cities.

Origins lie in medieval Catholic practices and pre‑Lenten customs, later supplemented by secular street theatre. Over time, voluntary carnival clubs (Karnevalsgesellschaften) organized processions, masquerade balls, and performances that critique politics and society. The Rhineland cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf, and Mainz are especially renowned for their large parades and elaborate floats.

Dates and regional names vary. In much of Germany, the season is said to begin on November 11 at 11:11 and run through Shrove Tuesday, with Rosenmontag often regarded as the centerpiece. In other areas the celebration is called Fasching or Fasnacht. Common features include masked participants, marching bands, street vendors, and the throwing of sweets (Kamelle) to spectators. Local clubs organize many events throughout the season.

Karneval has cultural and economic significance, fostering community identity, tourism, and regional pride. It also provides a forum for satire and social commentary, with performances that lampoon public figures and issues. The traditions are passed down through generations by families, neighborhoods, and dedicated clubs, helping to sustain local culture and economies during the carnival period.