Kaleemiyat

Kaleemiyat is a term primarily used in Islamic scholarship to refer to the theological or dialectical branch of knowledge. It focuses on the study of God's attributes, divine oneness (Tawhid), prophecy, and the afterlife, often employing rational arguments and philosophical reasoning. The term itself is derived from the Arabic word "kalam," meaning speech or discourse, and by extension, reasoned discourse or debate.

The development of kaleemiyat was largely a response to various philosophical and theological challenges faced by early Islamic thought. Scholars known as Mutakallimun (singular: Mutakallim) engaged in debates with proponents of other religious and philosophical traditions, as well as with internal dissenting groups. Their work aimed to defend Islamic doctrines through logical proof and to address complex theological questions that arose.

Key themes explored within kaleemiyat include the nature of God's power, justice, and knowledge; the problem of free will and divine predestination; the validity of revelation; and the concept of miracles. Different schools of thought emerged within kaleemiyat, such as the Ash'ari and Mu'tazili schools, each with distinct approaches and interpretations of theological principles. While often contrasted with Falsafa (Islamic philosophy), kaleemiyat shares an interest in rational inquiry, though its primary focus remains on establishing and defending the tenets of Islamic faith.