Kalciumfosfaatkivet

Kalciumfosfaatkivet, often referred to as calcium phosphate stones, are a type of kidney stone primarily composed of calcium phosphate minerals. These stones form when urine contains abnormally high concentrations of calcium and phosphate, along with a low citrate level, which is a natural inhibitor of stone formation.

The exact causes for the increased levels of these minerals in urine are not always clear, but certain medical conditions and lifestyle factors can contribute. These include hyperparathyroidism, which leads to excess calcium in the blood, and certain renal tubular acidosis types. Urinary tract infections, particularly those caused by bacteria that produce urease, can also raise urine pH, favoring calcium phosphate stone formation. Dehydration, a diet high in animal protein, and excessive sodium intake are also recognized risk factors.

Symptoms of kalciumfosfaatkivet can vary depending on the size and location of the stone. Smaller stones may pass without causing any discomfort. Larger stones, however, can lead to intense flank pain radiating to the lower abdomen and groin, blood in the urine (hematuria), nausea, and vomiting. Urinary tract infections can also occur due to the presence of the stones.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, or X-rays to visualize the stones. Urinalysis can help identify infection and assess urine composition. Blood tests may be conducted to check for underlying metabolic abnormalities.

Treatment strategies depend on the stone's size and the patient's symptoms. Small stones may be managed with increased fluid intake and pain medication to facilitate passage. For larger or problematic stones, medical procedures like extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to break up the stones, or surgical removal through ureteroscopy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy might be necessary. Preventing recurrence involves dietary modifications, such as reducing sodium and animal protein intake, ensuring adequate hydration, and sometimes medication to alter urine chemistry.