Junonia

Junonia is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Nymphalinae, and tribe Junoniini. It comprises around 25 described species, commonly referred to as buckeyes or pansies. The genus has a wide, pantropical and subtropical distribution, with species occurring in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australia. They are commonly found in open habitats such as meadows, fields, forest edges, and disturbed areas, where nectar sources are plentiful.

Adult Junonia butterflies are medium-sized and typically display bold wing patterns that include eye-like markings. The dorsal surfaces are often brown or black with orange, white, and pale markings, while the ventral surfaces usually show mottled cryptic patterns that resemble dried leaves or bark when wings are closed. Eye spots are a characteristic feature on one or both pairs of wings and are thought to deter predators.

Life history involves larvae that feed on a variety of herbaceous plants; exact host choices vary among species. Adults feed primarily on nectar, and many species are strong fliers capable of long-distance dispersal. Some Junonia exhibit seasonal forms or seasonal abundance tied to climate and resource availability.

Conservation status varies by species and region, but many Junonia populations are widespread and not currently threatened. The genus is of interest to lepidopterists for its diversity of wing patterns and its role in studies of mimicry, camouflage, and the evolution of coloration.