Jemen

Jemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in the southwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, Oman to the east, the Red Sea to the west, and the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea to the south. The capital is Sana'a, though since 2015 the internationally recognized government has been based in Aden while Sana'a is controlled by other factions. The country is divided into 22 governorates.

Geography and environment include a varied landscape with western highlands, a central plateau, coastal plains along the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, and desert regions in the interior. The climate ranges from arid to semi-arid, with some rainfall in the highlands. Yemen is home to diverse ecosystems, including the Socotra Archipelago, a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its unique flora and fauna.

History and politics: Yemen formed as a modern state in 1990 through the unification of the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen). Since 2014–2015 the country has been affected by an ongoing civil war involving the Houthi movement and a Saudi-led coalition, resulting in a major humanitarian crisis and widespread displacement.

Economy and society: The economy has been heavily dependent on oil and gas, with substantial challenges in infrastructure and public services. The conflict and sanctions have increased poverty and dependence on international aid. The population is predominantly Muslim, with Arabic as the official language and a mix of Sunni and Zaidi Shia communities. Socotra is noted for its distinctive biodiversity.