JavaScripts

JavaScript is a high-level, dynamically typed programming language that enables interactive features on web pages and is widely used outside the browser as well. The standard name of the language is JavaScript; the plural form JavaScripts is not customary and may refer to multiple scripts or to incorrect usage.

JavaScript was created in 1995 by Brendan Eich at Netscape. It was originally named Mocha, then LiveScript, before being renamed JavaScript. The language is standardized by Ecma International as ECMA-262, and is commonly updated through the ECMAScript editions such as ES5, ES6 (ES2015), and later yearly editions. The standardization ensures cross-browser compatibility and a consistent baseline for implementations.

JavaScript is prototype-based, supports first-class functions, and uses a dynamic, weak type system. It supports object literals, closures, and a variety of programming styles including imperative, functional, and event-driven programming. Modern JavaScript includes features such as promises, async/await, modules, and classes. The language runs primarily in a host environment's execution engine and interacts with HTML/CSS via the Document Object Model (DOM) in web browsers.

Although JavaScript originated in browsers, it is also used on the server through environments like Node.js, as well as in mobile and desktop platforms. The runtime ecosystem includes engines such as V8, SpiderMonkey, and JavaScriptCore; package managers like npm; and countless libraries and frameworks. The language continues to evolve through annual ECMAScript revisions, balancing compatibility with new capabilities and performance improvements.