Isaaq

Isaaq is one of the major Somali clan-families in the Horn of Africa. The Isaaq are concentrated in the northwestern part of the Somali-speaking world, with the heartland in Somaliland and smaller communities in Djibouti and the Somali Region of Ethiopia. A broad diaspora exists in Europe, North America, and the Middle East. The Isaaq primarily speak Somali and are predominantly Muslim.

The Isaaq clan-family is divided into several lineages and sub-clans. The largest sub-clans historically include Habr Awal, Habr Je’lo, and Garhajis, among others. These lineages have long-standing ties to major towns and commercial hubs in the region, including Hargeisa, Burco (Burao), and surrounding areas.

Historically, the Isaaq have played a central role in Somali regional politics. In the late 20th century, Isaaq-led groups formed the Somali National Movement (SNM), which opposed the regime of Siad Barre. Following Barre’s defeat, Somaliland declared independence in 1991 and established a self-governing, stable administration, though it remains internationally unrecognized as a sovereign state. The Isaaq and their institutions have been influential in shaping Somaliland’s post-independence development.

Economy and culture: Traditional livelihoods include pastoralism and long-distance trade, with many Isaaq today also engaged in urban professions and commerce. The Isaaq have a rich culture of poetry and oral storytelling, and customary law known as Xeer governs social relations in many communities.

Notable Isaaq figures include Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal (former prime minister of Somalia and president of Somaliland), Ahmed Mohamed Silanyo (former president of Somaliland), and Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur (founding president of Somaliland).