Interconnector

An interconnector is a physical link that connects two separate systems to enable bidirectional exchange of energy or information. In energy, it connects two grids, allowing electricity to flow across borders to balance supply and demand, improve reliability, and enable cross-border trading and the integration of renewable generation.

Electricity interconnectors can be overhead lines or submarine cables. Long-distance links often use high voltage direct current HVDC technology with converter stations at each end; shorter or synchronized connections may be HVAC links that rely on grid synchrony.

Ownership and operation vary; many are built and operated by transmission operators or joint ventures and are coordinated by regional system operators or market authorities to schedule flows and maintain stability.

Benefits include enhanced security of supply, reduced price volatility, more efficient use of generation assets, and greater flexibility to accommodate intermittent renewables.

Challenges include high capital cost, regulatory hurdles across borders, environmental and permitting issues, and technical challenges such as grid code compatibility and converter reliability for HVDC links.

Examples of notable electricity interconnectors include NorNed (Norway-Netherlands, about 700 MW), BritNed (UK-Netherlands, 1,000 MW), NordLink (Norway-Germany, 1,400 MW), and North Sea Link (Norway-UK, 1,400 MW).

In telecommunications, the term interconnector also refers to arrangements and facilities that enable traffic to pass between networks, ensuring interoperability and service continuity.