Instrumentbased
Instrumentbased is a term used in technical and scientific contexts to describe approaches that anchor evidence and decision-making in data collected by physical measurement devices. In instrumentbased methodologies, sensors, gauges, and other instruments provide primary measurements, as opposed to relying primarily on models, simulations, or qualitative assessments.
The term is not widely standardized and is used variably across disciplines. In engineering and environmental
Typical applications include environmental monitoring using calibrated sensors; process control relying on real-time instrument readings; laboratory
Strengths of an instrumentbased approach include objectivity and traceability of measurements. Weaknesses include susceptibility to instrument