Inovaci

Inovaci is the act and result of introducing new or significantly improved products, services, processes, or organizational methods that create value for users or enhance efficiency for firms and institutions. It encompasses changes that are technically feasible, commercially viable, and socially relevant, and it can occur in any sector of the economy.

Inovaci can be categorized as product inovaci, process inovaci, organizational inovaci, and marketing inovaci. It can be incremental, involving small improvements, or radical, leading to new markets or paradigms. Disruptive inovaci refers to innovations that initially serve a niche but eventually transform industries. The goal is to increase performance, quality, or affordability over existing alternatives.

Typically, inovaci proceeds through stages such as idea generation, feasibility assessment, development and testing, scaling, and diffusion or adoption. The rate and success depend on factors such as relative advantage, compatibility with existing practices, complexity, trialability, and observability, as described in diffusion theory.

Economists emphasize the role of inovaci in productivity growth and competitiveness, supported by research and development, human capital, and public investment. Innovation ecosystems—universities, research institutes, startup accelerators, venture capital, and favorable policy—shape outcomes and the dissemination of new solutions.

Public policy often aims to foster inovaci through funding, tax incentives, intellectual property frameworks, and procurement programs, while balancing risks such as market failures, inequality, and environmental impact. Examples include digital technologies, renewable energy, biotechnology, and data analytics, but inovaci also involves organizational or process changes in health care, education, and public administration.

Related topics include innovation economics, diffusion of innovations, and innovation policy.