Immedats

Immedats, or immediates, were the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that held their lands directly from the Emperor rather than through an intermediate feudal lord. They formed a distinctive class within the imperial constitution, known as imperial immediacy (Reichsunmittelbarkeit). The term is used primarily by historians to describe these direct relationships to the empire.

The concept emerged in the High and Late Middle Ages as a mechanism to limit the power of intermediate lords and to strengthen the Emperor’s direct authority. Immediacy granted a legal status that carried certain immunities, privileges, and a degree of sovereignty within Imperial territory. Immediats enjoyed the right to direct representation in imperial institutions and to manage certain internal affairs without intermediary mediation.

The composition of the immediates varied, but commonly included Free Imperial Cities, Imperial Abbeys and other ecclesiastical territories, Imperial Knights (Reichsritterschaft), and various secular states that retained direct allegiance to the Emperor. These estates were represented in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag) as distinct components of the imperial body and could exercise limited self-government within their jurisdictions.

Rights and duties associated with immediacy included legal immunities from certain forms of external interference, direct taxation or revenue mechanisms to support imperial obligations, and the ability to participate in imperial decision-making. They were subject to Imperial law and to appeals and directives issued by the Emperor in matters affecting the Empire as a whole.

The status of immediats declined in the early 19th century through secularization and mediatization reforms, notably the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, and culminated with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Many immediates were absorbed into larger territorial states and lost their direct imperial status.

See also: Reichsunmittelbarkeit; Imperial Diet; Free Imperial City.