Ibadiyya

Ibadiyya, also known as Ibadism, is a distinct school of Islam tracing its roots to the early Khawarij movement. It is named after Abdullah ibn Ibadh al-Azdi, a 7th-century jurist who led a community in Basra and later established a presence in Oman. Ibadism developed its own jurisprudence and political theory, emphasizing justice, suitability of leadership, and the obligation to consult and correct rulers who fail to rule justly. Unlike some other Khawarij groups, Ibadis advocate moderation and reject violence except in defense.

Geography and demographics: The largest Ibadi community is in Oman, where Ibadi Islam has historically been the state-recognized tradition. Smaller communities are in Zanzibar and parts of East Africa, as well as diaspora populations in other parts of the Muslim world.

Beliefs and practice: Ibadis accept the Qur'an and the Sunnah, but follow a distinct comparative jurisprudence. They stress the accountability of rulers to the people and the community's authority to depose unjust leaders. The Imamate is not hereditary and may be challenged. Worship and ritual life resemble other Muslims, with unique jurisprudential opinions preserved by Ibadi scholars.

History: The movement originated in the 7th–8th centuries in Basra, spreading south into Oman, where it became deeply rooted, shaping religious and political life for centuries.