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ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is a numeric commercial book identifier that is intended to be unique. It is a 13-digit number used to identify books, brochures, and other printed materials. The ISBN system is maintained by the International ISBN Agency, which is a part of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The first 12 digits of an ISBN are used to identify the title, edition, and publisher of a book. The 13th digit is a check digit used to verify the accuracy of the ISBN. The first three digits of an ISBN are used to identify the country or language area, while the next group of digits identifies the publisher and the title.

ISBNs are used by bookstores, libraries, and publishers to track and manage inventory. They are also used by online retailers to facilitate the purchase and delivery of books. The ISBN system has been in use since the 1970s and has been updated several times to accommodate the growing number of books being published.

In addition to the standard 13-digit ISBN, there are also 10-digit ISBNs, which are used for older books published before the 13-digit system was introduced. The 10-digit ISBNs are still in use, but they are being phased out in favor of the 13-digit ISBNs.

The ISBN system is an important tool for the book industry, as it provides a standardized way to identify and track books. It also helps to prevent counterfeiting and piracy, as it is difficult to produce a counterfeit book with a valid ISBN. Overall, the ISBN system plays a crucial role in the global book industry, facilitating the exchange of information and the efficient management of inventory.