IFNL2

IFNL2, also known as interferon lambda 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNL2 gene. This gene is a member of the interferon lambda gene family, which includes IFNL1, IFNL3, and IFNA16. Interferon lambda proteins are a subset of type III interferons, which are known for their antiviral and immunomodulatory activities.

The IFNL2 gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 19 (19p13.3). It consists of six exons and encodes a protein of 138 amino acids. The encoded protein is a type III interferon with a typical structure, including an N-terminal signal peptide, a central alpha-helical domain, and a C-terminal domain that is characteristic of type III interferons.

IFNL2 is primarily expressed in epithelial cells, particularly in the respiratory tract. It plays a crucial role in host defense by inducing antiviral state and modulating immune responses. The protein can bind to the interferon lambda receptor (IL10R2) and activate the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, leading to the production of various cytokines and chemokines.

Mutations in the IFNL2 gene have been associated with various autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis. These mutations can lead to altered expression or function of IFNL2, contributing to the pathogenesis of these diseases.

Research on IFNL2 is ongoing, with a focus on understanding its role in immune regulation and potential therapeutic applications. The protein's ability to modulate immune responses makes it a target for developing new treatments for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.