Hüdroksüülradikaalideks

Hüdroksüülradikaalideks is the Estonian term for hydroxyl radicals. A hydroxyl radical is an electrically neutral molecule with a hydroxyl group that has a missing electron. This electron deficiency makes it highly reactive, meaning it readily reacts with other molecules to try and regain an electron. It is a form of an oxygen radical.

Hydroxyl radicals are extremely unstable and have a very short lifespan, typically on the order of microseconds. They are generated through various chemical and biological processes. One common pathway is the Fenton reaction, where iron(II) ions react with hydrogen peroxide to produce a hydroxyl radical and a hydroxide ion. Another significant source in biological systems is the dismutation of superoxide radicals. They can also be formed during lightning strikes or in the upper atmosphere.

Due to their high reactivity, hydroxyl radicals are potent oxidizing agents. In biological contexts, they can cause significant damage to cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. This oxidative damage is implicated in aging and various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. For this reason, organisms have defense mechanisms, such as antioxidant enzymes, to neutralize these harmful radicals.

Despite their damaging potential, hydroxyl radicals also play crucial roles. In some biological processes, they are intentionally produced by enzymes to carry out specific functions, such as in the immune system's response to pathogens. In industrial applications, they are used in advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment to break down persistent organic pollutants.