Hände

Hände (hands) are the paired appendages at the distal ends of the forearms in humans and many primates. Each hand contains 27 bones: eight carpal bones in the wrist, five metacarpals in the palm, and fourteen phalanges in the digits. The principal joints include the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints in the wrist, the carpometacarpal joints of the palm, and the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints of the fingers. The thumb’s carpometacarpal joint allows opposition, a key feature for gripping.

Movement is controlled by extrinsic muscles in the forearm and intrinsic muscles in the palm. Extrinsic muscles flex and extend the wrist and fingers; intrinsic muscles refine grip and finger coordination with groups such as the thenar and hypothenar eminences and the interosseous and lumbrical muscles. The hand is supplied by the median, ulnar, and radial nerves, with sensory innervation of the palm and fingers evolving through development.

Skin on the palm is thick and ridged, bearing numerous tactile receptors that enable fine touch and grip adjustment. Nails protect the fingertips and aid in manipulating objects.

Functionally, hands enable grasping, lifting, writing, and delicate manipulation, as well as nonverbal communication through gestures. Hand injuries and diseases—such as fractures (often of the distal radius or scaphoid), carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, and arthritis—are common and can significantly impact daily activities.