Hypoinsulinemia

Hypoinsulinemia refers to a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of insulin in the blood. Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, crucial for regulating blood glucose levels. It facilitates the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy or storage. When insulin levels are insufficient, glucose cannot be effectively removed from the blood, leading to hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar.

The primary cause of hypoinsulinemia is damage or dysfunction of the pancreatic beta cells. This can occur in certain types of diabetes mellitus, particularly type 1 diabetes, where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys these cells. In some cases of advanced type 2 diabetes, the pancreas may also become unable to produce enough insulin to meet the body's needs, especially after prolonged periods of high insulin demand. Other less common causes include certain genetic disorders, surgical removal of parts of the pancreas, or severe pancreatitis.

Symptoms of hypoinsulinemia are largely related to hyperglycemia. These can include increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. In severe cases, particularly if left untreated, it can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening condition. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure glucose and insulin levels. Treatment focuses on managing blood glucose through insulin replacement therapy, lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, and addressing any underlying causes.