Hyperthyroid

Hyperthyroidism, often referred to as being hyperthyroid, is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excess amounts of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The resulting hypermetabolic state can affect many organ systems and change energy use, body temperature regulation, heart rate, and mood. The most common cause is Graves' disease, an autoimmune condition. Other causes include toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, thyroiditis (including subacute or painless forms), and drug-induced thyroiditis or iodine excess.

Common signs and symptoms include weight loss with preserved or increased appetite, heat intolerance, rapid or irregular heartbeat, palpitations, anxiety or irritability, tremor, sweating, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. People may also experience hair thinning, muscle weakness, menstrual changes, and an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter). Eye changes are characteristic of Graves’ disease in some patients, though they can occur with other causes as well.

Diagnosis is based on laboratory testing showing suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with elevated free T4 and/or free T3. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins or TSH receptor antibodies may support Graves’ disease. Imaging such as radioactive iodine uptake can help differentiate causes, while ultrasound may assess nodularity.

Treatment aims to reduce hormone production and alleviate symptoms. Options include antithyroid drugs (such as methimazole or carbimazole; propylthiouracil in early pregnancy), radioactive iodine therapy, and thyroidectomy. Beta-blockers may be used for symptom relief. Thyroid storm is a medical emergency requiring urgent care. With appropriate therapy, many patients achieve remission or control of symptoms, though some may require long-term monitoring and treatment adjustment.