Hyperlaktatemia

Hyperlaktatemia refers to an elevated level of lactate in the blood. Lactate is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, meaning it is produced when cells do not have enough oxygen to generate energy through aerobic respiration. While lactate is a normal metabolic product, its accumulation can indicate underlying physiological stress or disease.

Causes of hyperlaktatemia are broadly categorized into two types. Type 1 hyperlaktatemia is often caused by impaired lactate clearance or increased lactate production due to conditions such as severe infection (sepsis), trauma, certain medications, or strenuous exercise. Type 2 hyperlaktatemia is associated with reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, such as in shock, heart failure, anemia, or carbon monoxide poisoning, leading to a shift towards anaerobic metabolism.

Symptoms of hyperlaktatemia can vary depending on the underlying cause and the severity of lactate elevation. They may include rapid breathing, confusion, lethargy, and organ dysfunction. Diagnosis typically involves measuring blood lactate levels. Treatment focuses on addressing the root cause of the elevated lactate. For example, in sepsis, antibiotics and fluid resuscitation are crucial, while in shock, improving oxygen delivery is paramount. Monitoring lactate levels can also be a useful indicator of treatment effectiveness and patient prognosis.