Hydropericardium

Hydropericardium is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of serous fluid within the pericardial sac. The pericardium is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the heart, and the space between these layers normally contains a small amount of fluid that lubricates the heart and reduces friction during its beating. When this fluid volume increases significantly, it can lead to hydropericardium.

The accumulation of excess fluid can put pressure on the heart, hindering its ability to pump blood effectively. This can manifest as various symptoms, including shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and abdomen. The severity of symptoms often depends on the rate of fluid accumulation and the overall volume of fluid present. Rapid accumulation is generally more dangerous than a slow, gradual buildup.

Hydropericardium is not a disease in itself but rather a sign of an underlying medical issue. Common causes include heart failure, kidney disease, hypothyroidism, and certain infections. Neoplastic processes, such as cancers that spread to the pericardium, can also lead to fluid accumulation. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart) to visualize the fluid, and sometimes electrocardiography. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and, if necessary, removing the excess pericardial fluid through a procedure called pericardiocentesis to relieve pressure on the heart.