Hydrogenuhliitanové

Hydrogenuhliitanové, a term used primarily in Czech-language chemical literature, refers to the class of hydrogen uranyl salts and related compounds that contain the uranyl ion (UO₂²⁺) coordinated to organic or inorganic ligands and usually bearing one or more hydrogen atoms bound to the ligand framework. These species are of interest in the field of nuclear chemistry because they can act as soluble intermediates for the separation of uranium from spent nuclear fuel and as precursors for the synthesis of uranium(VI) coordination complexes.

The most widely studied hydrogenuhliitanové include hydrogen uranyl acetate, hydrogen uranyl nitrate, and hydrogen uranyl carbonate. Preparation typically proceeds by reacting an aqueous uranyl salt such as UO₂(NO₃)₂·6H₂O or UO₂(CO₃)₂·5H₂O with an appropriate proton donor (acetic acid, nitric acid, or carbonic acid) under controlled pH and temperature conditions. In many cases the reaction generates a hydrated product with the general formula UO₂X₂·nH₂O, where X represents the ligand anion. The resulting complexes can crystallize in different polymorphic forms, depending on the ligand and hydration level.

Solubility studies show that hydrogenuhliitanové are generally more soluble in water and alcohols than the corresponding uranyl salts lacking a protonated ligand, a property that facilitates solvent extraction processes such as the PUREX and UREX+ schemes. In addition, the presence of a hydrogenated ligand can influence the electronic spectrum of the uranyl ion, shifting the characteristic UV–visible absorption bands and affecting luminescence properties. Researchers exploit these spectral changes to monitor complex stability and to develop uranium sensors.

In environmental and radiological contexts, hydrogenuhliitanové may form transiently in aqueous systems where uranium(VI) reacts with natural organic acids, contributing to the mobility of uranium in groundwater. Consequently, understanding their speciation, acidity, and kinetic behavior is essential for predicting the long-term fate of uranium in nuclear waste repositories and contaminated sites.