Humphead

Humphead is a common name for two large reef fishes that have a prominent head bump in adults: the humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) and the humphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum). Both live on tropical coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific and are among the largest reef fishes. Their size and popularity with fisheries have raised conservation concerns.

Humphead wrasse: This species has a pronounced forehead bump in adult males. They can exceed a meter in length, and larger individuals are reported. Coloration varies with age and sex. They feed mainly on hard-shelled invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans, crushed by powerful jaws, and prefer coral-rich reefs, often on outer slopes and in lagoons. Humphead wrasse are protogynous hermaphrodites, typically starting life as females and changing to males as they grow.

Humphead parrotfish: Bolbometopon muricatum is the largest parrotfish, reaching about 1.5 meters. Adults have a forehead bump and a beak-like jaw for biting off coral. Their feeding erodes reef structures and produces sand. They inhabit a wide range of Indo-Pacific reefs, from shallow lagoons to outer reef slopes. In many populations they show sequential hermaphroditism, with larger males.

Conservation: Both species face threats from overfishing and habitat degradation. Regional protections, fishing regulations, and protected areas exist in some regions to support reef ecosystems.