Hoopoes

Hoopoes are medium-sized passerine birds belonging to the family Upupidae, with the common hoopoe (Upupa epops) as the most widespread species. They are easily identified by their cinnamon-brown plumage, a long down-curved bill, bold black-and-white wing markings, and a distinctive erectile crest of black-tipped feathers.

Hoopoes occur across Europe, Asia, and Africa, occupying open, sunlit habitats such as savannas, orchards, gardens, farmland edges, and clearings with soft soil for probing. Many northern populations migrate to sub-Saharan Africa in winter, while southern populations may be resident year-round. They are generally shy and settle into territories during the breeding season.

Foraging is largely ground-based; hoopoes probe the soil with their long bills to extract insects, larvae, and other invertebrates. Their diet is supplemented opportunistically by fruit, seeds, and occasionally small reptiles or amphibians. They are typically seen singly or in pairs, though small groups may gather outside the breeding season.

Breeding takes place in cavities: tree holes, crevices in cliffs, or gaps in buildings and walls. The female lays a clutch of about four to seven eggs, with incubation shared by both parents and lasting roughly two weeks. Chicks hatch naked and rely on both parents for food; fledging occurs about three weeks after hatching, after which the young become independent.

Conservation status is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, due to its broad distribution and large range. Local threats include habitat loss and pesticide use, but overall hoopoe populations remain relatively stable across much of their range.