Hlutfallssamræmi

Hlutfallssamræmi, also known as proportional representation, is an electoral system in which the number of seats a party wins in an election is proportional to the number of votes it receives. This system aims to ensure that the composition of the elected body reflects the distribution of votes in the electorate. Proportional representation can take various forms, including party-list proportional representation, mixed-member proportional representation, and single transferable vote.

In party-list proportional representation, voters cast a single vote for a party, and seats are allocated to parties based on the proportion of votes they receive. This method is commonly used in countries like Germany, Israel, and New Zealand.

Mixed-member proportional representation combines elements of proportional representation with a first-past-the-post system. Voters cast two votes: one for a candidate in a single-member district and one for a party. Seats are allocated based on the party votes, and additional seats may be allocated to candidates who win in their districts.

The single transferable vote is a method where voters rank candidates in order of preference. Seats are filled by transferring votes from less-preferred candidates to more-preferred candidates until a candidate has enough votes to be elected. This system is used in countries like Ireland and Australia.

Proportional representation is often praised for its ability to provide a more accurate reflection of the electorate's preferences and for reducing the likelihood of extreme outcomes. However, it can also lead to a more fragmented political landscape and may require complex voting procedures. The choice of an electoral system, including proportional representation, depends on the specific political, social, and historical context of a country.