HPVtests

HPV tests are laboratory assays that detect DNA or RNA from human papillomavirus, particularly high-risk types associated with cervical cancer. Most commonly performed on cervical cell samples collected during a pelvic exam, but some tests are validated for self-collected vaginal specimens. In screening programs, HPV testing is typically used to identify women at increased risk for cervical precancer and cancer.

Usage: In many countries, HPV testing is used together with cytology (co-testing) for women aged 30–65, with a negative result generally allowing longer intervals between screenings. Some health systems use HPV testing as the primary screening method for this age group. In younger women (under 30), HPV infections are common and usually transient, so HPV testing is not routinely used as a stand-alone screen; cytology remains standard in many guidelines.

Results: Most HPV tests report whether high-risk HPV DNA or RNA is detected, sometimes with genotype information for HPV types 16 and 18, which pose a higher cancer risk. A positive result indicates an infection with one or more high-risk types but does not diagnose cancer; abnormal cytology or persistent infection guides further evaluation, commonly including colposcopy.

Limitations: HPV infections often resolve without treatment; positive results can lead to unnecessary procedures if results are not interpreted in context. Test performance varies by assay, do not provide cancer diagnosis alone, and sample quality affects accuracy. Self-collection, while improving access, may require validated testing options and proper follow-up.