HBVtartuntaa

HBVtartuntaa is a viral infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that primarily affects the liver. The illness can present as an acute infection or progress to chronic hepatitis, especially when infection occurs at birth or in early childhood. Chronic HBV can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma over time.

HBVtartuntaa is transmitted through exposure to infectious body fluids. Major routes include mother-to-child transmission at birth, sexual contact without protection, sharing contaminated needles, and transfusion of infected blood products. Healthcare workers and people with multiple sexual partners may be at higher risk. Incubation typically ranges from about 1.5 to 6 months.

Many acute cases are asymptomatic. When symptoms occur, they may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools. Chronic infection often has few early signs but can progress to liver damage over years if untreated.

Diagnosis relies on blood tests. A current infection is indicated by the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Immunity is shown by anti-HBs, while anti-HBc helps distinguish past or ongoing infection. HBV DNA testing measures viral load and helps guide treatment. Chronic HBV is defined by persistence of HBsAg for more than six months.

Treatment depends on the disease stage. Acute HBV usually requires supportive care. Chronic HBV may be treated with antiviral medications such as tenofovir or entecavir, and in some cases by interferon. Regular monitoring for liver function and cancer risk is recommended.

Prevention is primarily through vaccination. The HBV vaccine is safe and highly effective, given in multiple doses, with a birth dose strongly reducing perinatal transmission. Post-exposure prophylaxis may include vaccine and/or hepatitis B immunoglobulin. Safe practices and blood donor screening further reduce transmission.