Guns

Guns are firearms that discharge projectiles by expanding gases produced by ignited propellant in a cartridge. They are designed to transfer kinetic energy to a target, with designs optimized for different ranges and uses. Most firearms use rifled barrels to improve accuracy and sights for aiming. They range from small handguns to long guns such as rifles and shotguns.

History: Firearms emerged in the Middle Ages with gunpowder and were developed in various regions, including China and Europe. Early mechanisms included matchlocks and flintlocks, which gave way to breech-loading and cartridge-based systems in the 19th century, enabling faster firing and easier reloading. The 20th century saw semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons, with civilian variants often subject to regulation.

Types and uses: Handguns consisting of pistols and revolvers are portable and common for self-defense, law enforcement, and sport. Rifles are long guns optimized for accuracy at distance, with bolt-action, lever-action, and semi-automatic designs. Shotguns are smoothbore firearms used at shorter ranges and for shooting moving targets. Automatic firearms exist but are restricted for civilian ownership in many places.

Mechanisms and components: A typical firearm includes a chamber, barrel, firing mechanism, and a magazine or fixed supply of rounds. On trigger pull, primer ignition starts the propellant, gas pressure drives the bullet, and the action cycles to chamber the next round. Safety features and proper handling are essential.

Regulation and safety: Laws regulate ownership, sale, transport, and use, with policies varying by jurisdiction. Safety training emphasizes secure storage, responsible handling, and adherence to laws. Public health and policy debates accompany gun-related injuries and deaths.