Gulfs

Gulfs are large coastal indentations of the sea that extend into land. They are typically larger and more enclosed than bays and often connect to the open sea through a relatively narrow mouth. The term gulf is used in many languages and regions, but there is no universally fixed size threshold, and distinctions between gulfs and bays can be historical or regional.

Formation of gulfs results from a combination of tectonic processes, sea-level change, erosion, and sedimentation. Some gulfs occupy rift zones created by plate movement, others form as ancient river valleys that were submerged by rising sea levels. Over geological time, currents and sediment deposition can deepen and widen the gulf, altering its connection to the sea.

Notable gulfs around the world include the Gulf of Mexico, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Aden, the Gulf of Oman, the Gulf of Guinea, the Gulf of Alaska, and the Gulf of Thailand. Each hosts distinct ecosystems and human activities, from oil extraction and shipping to fisheries and tourism.

Gulfs influence regional climate and biodiversity. They often harbor sheltered waters that support mangroves, coral reefs, or seagrass beds, and they provide important ports and routes for international trade. Environmental challenges in gulfs can include pollution, oil spills, overfishing, and sedimentation that affects water quality and habitats.

See also: bay, inlet, estuary, coastline.