Guiscardo

Guiscardo refers to Robert de Hauteville, also known as Robert Guiscard (c. 1015 – 1085), a Norman adventurer who became the second Duke of Apulia and Calabria. He was a key figure in the Norman conquest of Southern Italy. Born in Normandy, Robert, along with his brothers, began his military career in Italy in the 1040s. He quickly distinguished himself through his military prowess and strategic acumen, leading successful campaigns against the Byzantines and Lombards.

In 1059, Pope Nicholas II recognized Robert's dominance and invested him as Duke of Apulia and Calabria, solidifying his authority. Guiscard's ambition extended beyond mainland Italy. He launched a major invasion of the Byzantine Empire, capturing Bari in 1071, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, and threatening Constantinople itself. He also engaged in conflict with the Papacy before ultimately forging a strong alliance with Pope Gregory VII.

Robert Guiscard's reign saw the consolidation of Norman power in Southern Italy, laying the foundation for the Kingdom of Sicily. He was known for his military leadership, his ability to inspire loyalty in his followers, and his often ruthless pursuit of power. His campaigns significantly altered the political landscape of the Mediterranean. He died in 1085 while on campaign in the Byzantine Empire, reportedly from an illness contracted during an expedition to Greece.