Gromwells

Gromwells are herbaceous plants in the genus Lithospermum, within the family Boraginaceae. The name typically refers to several species, most notably Lithospermum officinale (common gromwell) and Lithospermum erythrorhizon (purple gromwell). They are native to temperate regions of Europe and Asia and have been introduced elsewhere. These perennials have hairy leaves and form a woody rhizome or taproot. Flowers are small and borne in coiled inflorescences called scorpioid cymes, usually appearing in late spring to summer, with coloration that varies by species.

Historically, gromwells have been used for both medicinal and dye-related purposes. In European folk medicine, dried gromwell roots were employed topically for wounds and inflammatory skin conditions. Lithospermum erythrorhizon is especially notable as the source of shikonin, a red pigment used in dyeing fabrics and in cosmetics. In addition to its traditional dye use, shikonin and related compounds have been studied for potential pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial and wound-healing properties. Due to interest in shikonin, some populations have been subject to overharvesting, prompting cultivation efforts and exploration of substitutes or synthetic pigments.

Cultivation and status: Gromwells prefer temperate climates with well-drained soil and can tolerate full sun to partial shade. They are commonly propagated by seed or by division of the rootstock. In horticulture, they are grown for ornamental value and for historic dye and medicinal associations. In some regions, harvest of wild plants is regulated to protect native populations.