Glitazones

Glitazones, also known as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), are a class of oral antidiabetic drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. They work by increasing the sensitivity of peripheral tissues, such as muscle and fat, to insulin. This enhanced insulin sensitivity leads to a decrease in blood glucose levels. Glitazones achieve this by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), a nuclear receptor that plays a role in gene transcription related to glucose and lipid metabolism.

The primary benefit of glitazones is their ability to lower fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, thereby improving glycemic control. They are often used in combination with other antidiabetic medications, such as metformin or sulfonylureas, when monotherapy is insufficient. While effective in lowering blood sugar, glitazones do not stimulate insulin secretion directly.

However, the use of glitazones has been associated with several potential side effects and risks. These can include fluid retention, which may lead to edema and, in some cases, exacerbate heart failure. Weight gain is another common side effect. There have also been concerns regarding an increased risk of bone fractures, particularly in women. Certain glitazones have been withdrawn from the market in some regions due to safety concerns, and their use is generally reserved for situations where other treatments are not suitable or have failed. Careful patient selection and monitoring are important when prescribing these medications.