Gliaalisoluja

Gliaalisoluja, the Finnish term for glial cells, refers to the non-neuronal cells of the nervous system that provide support and protection to neurons. These cells are crucial for the overall function and health of the brain and spinal cord. Glial cells are far more numerous than neurons and play a diverse range of roles.

There are several types of glial cells, each with distinct functions. Astrocytes are the most abundant type and are star-shaped. They provide structural support, regulate the chemical environment around neurons by clearing neurotransmitters and ions, and contribute to the blood-brain barrier. Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system are responsible for forming myelin sheaths around axons. Myelin acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up nerve impulse transmission.

Microglia are the immune cells of the central nervous system. They act as scavengers, removing debris, dead cells, and pathogens, and play a role in inflammatory responses. Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, producing cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions and nourishes the central nervous system.

The importance of glia extends beyond simple support. They actively participate in synaptic transmission, modulate neuronal activity, and are involved in neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to adapt and change. Dysfunctional glial cells are implicated in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and brain tumors, highlighting their critical role in maintaining nervous system integrity and function.