Glenoidi

Glenoidi are the glenoid cavities of the scapula, forming the socket of the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) with the head of the humerus. The glenoid is a shallow articular surface on the lateral aspect of the scapula that enables the wide range of motion of the shoulder while relying on soft tissue structures for stability.

Anatomy: The glenoid fossa is pear-shaped and its margins are reinforced by the fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum, which deepens the socket and serves as an attachment for the joint capsule and ligaments. Articular cartilage covers the glenoid surface, contributing to smooth articulation within the joint.

Orientation and variation: The glenoid is oriented anteriorly, laterally, and slightly superiorly. The version angle can influence stability, and its size and shape vary among individuals. Pathology such as aging, repetitive use, or injury can alter the glenoid, including bone loss or deformity, which may predispose to shoulder instability.

Clinical significance: Common injuries involve the labrum, including tears or detachment from the glenoid rim (for example, Bankart lesions). Glenoid bone loss or deformity is a critical factor in recurrent instability and may require surgical management, such as Bankart repair or bone grafting procedures (e.g., Latarjet). In advanced arthritis or complex deformities, glenoid replacement or arthroplasty may be considered.

Imaging: Evaluation of the glenoidi is performed with radiographs, CT, or MRI to assess version, depth, labrum integrity, and bone loss, guiding treatment decisions.