Gesetze

Gesetze (singular Gesetz) are formal rules adopted by a legislative authority to regulate conduct within a country or region. They establish rights and duties, define the powers of public institutions, and provide the framework for resolving disputes and administering justice. In German-speaking areas, Gesetze derive their authority from a constitution and, in federal systems, from the interaction of national and regional legislatures.

Creation and scope: Laws are usually proposed as a bill (Gesetzentwurf) by the government or by members of parliament, debated in committees, and subjected to readings before a vote. If approved, some laws require consent of a second chamber or cantonal authorities. After enactment, the law is promulgated in an official publication and becomes effective on a defined date or immediately.

Types and examples: Gesetze cover broad areas such as civil law, criminal law, tax law, and administrative law. General laws apply broadly, while specialized laws govern specific sectors. In Germany, for example, the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) governs private law, the Grundgesetz is the constitution, and the Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) is the penal code; similar codes exist in Austria and Switzerland.

Application and interpretation: Laws are enforced by executive agencies and interpreted by courts. Violations lead to penalties or remedies defined by the law. Constitutional review allows courts to strike down laws that conflict with a constitution.