Gammaaminovõiihappe

Gammaaminovõiihappe, often abbreviated as GABA, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that functions as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature mammalian central nervous system. It is synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). GABA plays a crucial role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. This inhibitory effect is achieved by binding to GABA receptors on postsynaptic neurons, which leads to the influx of chloride ions and hyperpolarization of the neuron, making it less likely to fire an action potential.

GABAergic signaling is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including motor control, vision, and anxiety reduction. Imbalances in GABAergic activity have been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy, anxiety disorders, and insomnia. Pharmaceutical agents that modulate GABAergic transmission, like benzodiazepines and barbiturates, are commonly used to treat these conditions. The precise mechanisms of GABA synthesis, release, receptor binding, and reuptake are complex and continue to be a subject of active research.