Galápagos

The Galápagos Islands are an archipelago in the eastern Pacific Ocean, belonging to Ecuador and lying about 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) west of the mainland. The chain comprises thirteen major islands, six smaller islands, and numerous islets and rocks. The islands are of volcanic origin, formed by the Nazca Plate moving over a volcanic hotspot; they are geologically young and remain volcanically active in places.

The archipelago is renowned for its unique biodiversity and its role in the development of evolutionary theory. Many species are endemic to the islands, including the Galápagos tortoise, the marine iguana, and the Galápagos penguin, as well as iconic Darwin’s finches. A range of habitats exists from arid lowlands to humid highlands, and marine and terrestrial ecosystems interact with seasonal currents to support a rich assemblage of wildlife. Visitors observe wildlife with minimal interference due to strict conservation rules.

Historically, the islands were sighted by Europeans in 1535, reportedly by Fray Tomás de Berlanga, and were later named for the large tortoises inhabiting the islands. The Galápagos are part of Ecuador and are protected by the Galápagos National Park (established 1959) and the Galápagos Marine Reserve (established 1998). In 1978, UNESCO designated the area a World Heritage Site in recognition of its biological significance. Research stations, notably the Charles Darwin Research Station, support ongoing conservation and science.

Conservation challenges include invasive species, habitat disturbance, climate change, and fishing pressures. Management emphasizes controlled tourism, strict quarantine, and biosecurity to preserve the archipelago’s unique natural heritage.