GPR34

GPR34, also known as GPCR34, is a human G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the GPR34 gene. It belongs to the class A (rhodopsin-like) GPCR superfamily and is characterized by seven transmembrane domains, a feature common to this receptor family.

Ligand binding and signaling: The endogenous ligand most consistently associated with GPR34 is lysophosphatidylserine (Lyso-PS). Upon activation, GPR34 can engage multiple intracellular signaling pathways via G proteins, leading to responses such as calcium mobilization and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. The precise G protein coupling can vary with cellular context, and pharmacological studies have explored various agonists and antagonists to modulate receptor activity.

Expression and function: GPR34 shows a tissue distribution consistent with roles in the immune system and the central nervous system, with notable expression in microglia and some immune cell types. In cellular models, activation of GPR34 influences processes including cell migration, survival, and cytokine production, contributing to inflammatory and homeostatic signaling in tissues. In cancer biology, GPR34 expression has been observed in several tumor types, and its signaling may affect cell motility and proliferation in a context-dependent manner.

Genomics and evolution: The GPR34 gene is conserved across vertebrates, reflecting the preserved architecture and potential signaling capabilities of this receptor. As with many GPCRs, receptor function can be influenced by alternative splicing and post-translational modifications that affect localization and activity.

Clinical and research context: GPR34 is a focus of research in immunology and neuroscience, with pharmacological tools used to study Lyso-PS signaling and receptor function. There are no widely approved therapeutics targeting GPR34, but ongoing studies aim to clarify its roles and explore therapeutic potential.