Fumonisyny

Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins produced by certain species of fungi, primarily Fusarium species such as Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. These fungi commonly infect maize (corn) and other grains. Fumonisins are a significant concern in animal feed and human food due to their potential toxicity.

The most prevalent and well-studied fumonisins are fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), and fumonisin B3 (FB3). FB1 is generally the most abundant and toxic. The production of fumonisins is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and insect damage to the crop.

In animals, fumonisins can cause a variety of health problems. In horses, they are associated with leukoencephalomalacia, a neurological disease characterized by softening and liquefaction of the white matter of the brain. In swine, fumonisins can lead to pulmonary edema, a condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs. Other effects in various animal species include liver and kidney damage.

For humans, fumonisins are suspected to be linked to certain cancers, particularly esophageal cancer, although the evidence is still being investigated. Regulatory agencies worldwide have established maximum limits for fumonisins in food and feed to minimize exposure and protect public health. Analytical methods are available to detect and quantify fumonisin levels in agricultural commodities.